Sensibilidad a nitrofurantoína en el uropatógeno intrahospitalario E. Coli procedente de pacientes gerontes hospitalizados / Snsitivity to nitrofurantoin of urocultures from hospitalized gerontes with E. Coli from urinary tract infections

En la presente investigación se determinó la sensibilidad a nitrofurantoína (NTF) mediante un análisis observacional retrospectivo de informes de antibiogramas, por disco de difusión, de urocultivos provenientes de gerontes hospitalizados. En la serie observada (N=90) el desarrollo más frecuente fue E. Coli que presentó una sensibilidad a NTF de 100%. Al considerar la sensibilidad total (es decir de todos las bacterias uropatógenas Gram negativas, (BGN) la resistencia para NTF fue de 26%. Se debate además sus limitaciones médicas y algunos de los potenciales usos de NTF en pacientes hospitalizados

In the present investigation, sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (NTF) was determined through a retrospective observations analysis of reports of antibiograms, by diffusion disc, of urocultures from hospitalized gerontes. In the series observed (N=90), the most frequent development was E. coli, which showed a sensitivity to NTF of 100%. When considering the total sensitivity (ie of all Gram-negative uropathogenic bacteria, BGN) the resistance for NTF was 26%. It also discusses its medical limitations and some of the potential uses of NTF in hospitalized patients

Actividad in vitro de ampicilina-ceftriaxona frente a aislamientos de Enterococcus faecalis recuperados de infecciones invasivas / In vitro activity of ampicillin-ceftriaxone against Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from invasive infections

Se evaluó la actividad in vitro de la asociación entre ampicilina y ceftriaxona frente a 30 aislamientos de Enterococcus faecalis obtenidos de infecciones invasivas de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Las sinergias entre ampicilina y ceftriaxona se determinaron mediante la técnica de dilución en caldo Müeller-Hinton con el agregado de diferentes concentraciones subinhibitorias de ceftriaxona o sin este. La asociación fue sinérgica en 22/30 aislamientos. En 14/30 aislamientos la asociación disminuyó los valores de concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM) y de concentración bactericida mínima (CBM); en 6/30 se observó solamente una disminución de la CIM, mientras que en 2 solo se determinó una reducción de la CBM. La actividad bactericida de la asociación fue mayor a bajas concentraciones de ampicilina (menor de 1µg/ml). Se demostró la sinergia in vitro entre ampicilina-ceftriaxona; se confirmó así la utilidad de esta asociación en el tratamiento de infecciones severas causadas por E. faecalis

In vitro activity of the combination of ampicillin- ceftriaxone against 30 Enterococcus faecalis isolates recovered from invasive infections in patients admitted to Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martin in the city of Buenos Aires was assessed. Ampicillin- ceftriaxone synergies were determined by microdilution in Müeller-Hinton (MH) broth with and without subinhibitory concentrations of ceftriaxone. Synergy was detected in 22/30 isolates. A decrease in both minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was observed in 14/30 isolates, whereas in 6/30 isolates the decrease was observed in the MIC value and only in the MBC value in the 2 remaining isolates. The bactericidal activity of the combination showed to be higher at low concentrations of ampicillin (< 1µg/ml). We detected in vitro synergy using the ampicillin-ceftriaxone combination and thus, its efficacy was confirmed in the treatment of severe infections by E. faecalis

Frecuencia de aislamiento y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Acinetobacter spp. recuperadas de pacientes atendidos en un hospital universitario de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires / Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter species in a university hospital of Buenos Aires city

Se analizaron 200 aislamientos de Acinetobacter correspondientes a igual cantidad de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín entre marzo de 2013 y junio de 2014. La identificación se realizó mediante espectrometría de masa y se confirmó con métodos moleculares. La sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos se determinó mediante el sistema Vitek-2. La correlación entre la identificación obtenida con la espectrometría de masa y las técnicas moleculares fue del 94 %. Acinetobacter baumannii multirresistente fue la genoespecie predominante (92,6 %) en la infección intrahospitalaria, y la frecuencia de aislamiento de Acinetobacter pitti y de Acinetobacter nosocomialis fue de 3,5 % y 0,5 %, respectivamente. En la infección extrahospitalaria se observó una mayor presencia de otras genoespecies. Acinetobacter johnsonii y A. baumannii fueron las más frecuentes y juntas representaron el 45,9 % de los hallazgos. La resistencia a carbapenems y a minociclina solo se observó en A. baumannii. La espectrometría de masa resultó ser una herramienta útil en la identificación de las diferentes genoespecies

Two-hundred Acinetobacter isolates belonging to 200 patients admitted to Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín during the period March 2013-June 2014 were analyzed. The identification was performed by mass spectrometry and was confirmed by molecular methods. Susceptibility to antimicrobials was studied by the Vitek-2 system. A 94% correlation of both identification methods was found. Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii was the predominant genomic species (92.6%) in hospital-acquired infections, whereas Acinetobacter pitti and Acinetobacter nosocomialis accounted for 3.5% and 0.5% of the isolates recovered, respectively. In community-acquired infections a major predominance of the different genomic species was observed. Acinetobacter johnsonii and A. baumannii are the most frequent species, accounting for 45.9% of the isolates recovered. Resistance to carbapenems and minocycline was only observed in A. baumannii. Mass spectrophotometry was an effective tool for the identification of the different genomic species

Prevalência de uropatógenos e perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos em pacientes ambulatoriais de Jataí-GO / Prevalence of uropathogens and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in outpatient from Jataí-GO

Introduction: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) affect people worldwide. Escherichia coli is the main agent of UTI, however the etiology may vary according to the age and sex of the patient. Regional variations in the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance should be considered for therapy choice. Objectives: This study aimed to conduct a survey on the main agents of UTI, and assess the resistance of these microorganisms, during the period of March 2010 to June 2012 in the city of Jataí-GO. Method: A retrospective cross-sectional study were performed, collecting data on the prevalence of uropathogens and their sensitivity profiles which were evaluated by disk diffusion method. Results: During this period, 2,181 urine cultures were evaluated, of which 510 (23.4%) were positive, predominantly female (81.4%) and aged between 21 and 64 years old (59.7%). The most frequently isolated microorganism was E. coli (61%), followed by Staphylococcus saprophyticus (9.4%), and Proteus (9.4%). The prevalence of these bacteria according to the patient sex has suffered a statistically significant change (p < 0.05). It was possible to detect high resistance rate of E. coli to some antibiotics of choice for UTI treatment, such as ampicillin (57.9 %), pipemidic acid (50.5 %), nalidixic acid (48.6 %), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (44.8%). Conclusion: These data demonstrate the need to know the reality of each region in order to establish an appropriate empirical therapy, when it is not possible to perform culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing...

Introdução: Infecções do trato urinário (ITU) afetam pessoas em todo o mundo. Escherichia coli é o principal agente de ITU, no entanto a etiologia pode variar de acordo com o sexo e a idade do paciente. Variações regionais quanto à prevalência e à resistência aos antimicrobianos devem ser consideradas para a escolha terapêutica. Objetivos: Este trabalho teve por objetivo realizar um levantamento sobre os principais agentes de ITU e avaliar o perfil de resistência desses microrganismos no período de março de 2010 a junho de 2012, na cidade de Jataí-GO. Método: Estudo retrospectivo de corte transversal realizado por meio de coleta de dados sobre a prevalência de uropatógenos e seus perfis de sensibilidade avaliados pelo método da difusão. Resultados: Neste período, foram realizadas 2.181 uroculturas, das quais 510 (23,4%) apresentaram resultado positivo, sendo predominantemente do sexo feminino (81,4%) e com idade entre 21 e 64 anos de idade (59,7%). O microrganismo mais frequentemente isolado foi E. coli (61%), seguido de Staphylococcus saprophyticus (9,4%) e Proteus (9,4%). A prevalência dessas bactérias, de acordo com o sexo do paciente, sofreu variação estatisticamente significativa (p < 0,05). Foi possível constatar elevada taxa de resistência de E. coli para alguns antimicrobianos de primeira escolha para tratamento de ITU, como ampicilina (57,9%), ácido pipemídico (50,5%), ácido nalidíxico (48,6%) e sulfazotrim (44,8%). Conclusão: Esses dados demonstram a necessidade de se conhecer a realidade de cada região a fim de se estabelecer uma terapia empírica adequada, quando não for possível a realização da cultura e do antibiograma...

Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage and its anti-biogram in healthcare workers from South of Jordan

Healthcare workers [HCWs] can act as asymptomatic carrier in transmitting Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus [MRSA]. Availability of epidemiological and antibiotic susceptibility data is necessary to limit the spread of HCWs-associated MRSA infections, and to help physicians in choosing the appropriate empirical antibiotic for management of such infections. To assess nasal carriage and antibiogram of MRSA in healthcare workers from Southern Jordan. A total of 276 nasal swabs were randomly collected from the HCWs. MRSA was identified by culture, biochemical and molecular methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. The HCWs-MRSA nasal carriage was 8.7%. There was significant difference for nasal carriage of MRSA by nurse occupation [p value = 0.007], education level of less than a university degree [p value = 0.039] and years of HCW experience [p value = 0.023]. No significant difference by age, sex, antibiotic exposure or smoking. Antibiotic resistance to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole and Tetracycline was detected in 37.5% and 12.5% of all MRSA isolates respectively. No resistance to the other antibiotics used in this study and no multidrug resistance was encountered in all MRSA isolates. MRSA nasal carriage among HCWs in this study was 8.7% with no alarming antibiotic resistance pattern. Nurses, less educated and more experienced HCWs are at increased risk of MRSA nasal carriage. Therefore, we strongly recommend screening and decolonizing positive HCWs who can act as asymptomatic carriers in MRSA transmission cycle

Consistency of standard laboratory strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv with ethionamide susceptibility testing.

Drug susceptibility pattern of standard Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv showed discrepancy in minimum inhibitory concentration method for ethionamide and consistent results were obtained for the other second line drugs namely, kanamycin and ofloxacin. It is, therefore, necessary to revisit the susceptibility testing method for ethionamide for effective clinical management of patients with drug resistant tuberculosis.

Surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility pattern among shigella flexneri strain isolated in Nagpur district during three years period, January 2009-January 2012.

Objective : In the few cases of childhood dirrhea that require the antimicrobial therapy, the correct choice of the drug depends on detailed previous knowledge of local strains and pattern of antimicrobial resistance. Shigellosis is one of the most improtant examples of this group of intestinal infections. In order to establish such parameters in Nagpur city, this study was carried out to determine the antimcrobial resistance profile of Shigella flexneri isolated from patients suffering from diahhrea admitted to Various hoapitals in Nagpur district, India. Materials and Methods: The study included 110 stool samples collected from patients during the 3 year period. All the isolates were characterized and confirmed by VITEK® 2 GN ID cards and antimicrobial susceptibility was tested by VITEK® 2 AST test cards. Results: We received 73 positive cultures of S. flexneri out of 110 stool samples during three year periods of January 2009 to January 2012. S. flexneri strains presented a high resistance rate to Ampicillin (100%), Chloramphenicol (76.71%), Trimethoprime-sulfamethaxazole (TMP-SMZ) (68.49%) and low resistance to third- and fourth-generation Cephalosporin. None of the isolates was found to be resistant to Ciprofloxacin (MIC ≥ 4), Norfloxacin (MIC ≥12), and Nalidixic acid (MIC ≥30). Conclusion: Our results provide data on antimicrobial resistance to choose a proper antibiotic for the treatment of Shigellosis in our country. According to current findings, Quinolones and Cephalosporins are the drug of choice for the diarrheic patients. In conclusion, systematic monitoring is needed to identify changes in the antimicrobial resistance.

Changing trends of in vitro antimicrobial resistance patterns in blood isolates in a tertiary care hospital over a period of 4 years.

Context: Multidrug-resistant organisms continue to be a problem for clinicians worldwide. AIMS: To analyze the changing trend of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in the blood isolates over a period of 4 years in our hospital. Settings and Design: This is a retrospective study done in tertiary care cardiac institute over a period of 4 years. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed blood culture positive isolates and studied the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of microorganisms during the period starting from January 2007 to December 2010. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS for windows version 13.0. Fisher exact test or chi-square test was applied for comparison of categorical variables. P values less than .05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: The rate of blood culture positivity was 3.72%. Gram-negative bacteria were more common than Gram-positive bacteria. There was a gradual increase in Gram-negative bacteria especially Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter species. Klebsiella pneumoniae showed a significant increase of resistance to cefoperazone sulbactam (P = .023), piperacillin tazobactam (P < 0.001), imipenem (P < 0.001), and meropenem (P < 0.001) between the first (2007-2008) and second period (2009-2010) of study. The carbapenems resistance is on rise in Gram-negative bacteria including Enterobacteriaceae and non-fermenters. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that there is a definite increase in the multidrug resistant organisms. The data on the changing trends in antibiotic resistance, we believe is an important pillar in our efforts at improving infection control practices.

Urinary bacterial pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility profile for the years 2005-2007 in St Kitts / Patógenos bacterianos urinarios y su perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana durante los años 2003-2007 en Saint Kitts

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to review bacterial isolates from cases of urinary tract infection (UTI) and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern for the years 2005-2007 in St Kitts. It is hoped that the study will be of use in the treatment of cases of UTI in St Kitts. METHODS: The laboratory records at St Francis Hospital, Basseterre, St Kitts, for bacterial isolates from cases of urinary tract infection and their susceptibility profiles for three years, 2005-2007, were retrospectively reviewed and compared. RESULTS: A total of 595 isolates of 13 species of pathogenic bacteria were recovered from cases of UTI. Escherichia coli was the predominant species recovered each year. Among the other species frequently recovered were Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSION: This study, the first of its kind from St Kitts serves to emphasize that treatment of UTI should be instituted generally on the basis of antimicrobial susceptibility tests.

OBJETIVO: El propósito de este estudio es examinar los aislados bacterianos de casos de infección del tracto urinario (ITU) y su modelo de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana durante los años 2005-2007 en Saint Kitts. Se espera que el estudio sea de utilidad en el tratamiento de casos de ITU en Saint Kitts. MÉTODOS: Los archivos de laboratorio del Hospital Saint Francis, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, sobre los aislados bacterianos de los casos de infección del tracto urinario y sus perfiles de susceptibilidad durante tres años, 2005-2007, fueron examinados y comparados retrospectivamente. RESULTADOS: Un total de 595 aislados de 13 especies de bacterias patógenas fueron recuperadas de casos de ITU. Escherichia coli fue la especie predominante recuperada cada año. Entre las otras especies frecuentemente recuperadas se hallan: Citrobacter spp, Enterobacter spp, Klebsiella pneumoniae y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. CONCLUSIÓN: Este estudio - el primero de su tipo en Saint Kitts - sirve para enfatizar que el tratamiento de la ITU generalmente debe establecerse sobre la base de pruebas de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana.

Evaluation of antibiotic sensitivity pattern in cases of enteric fever in north west Rajasthan.

A total of 50 cases of blood culture proved enteric fever were studied for clinical response to the treatment and compared with in vivo antibiotic sensitivity pattern. Out of 50 Salmonella strains isolated, 37 were S typhi and 13 S paratyphi A. All S typhi isolates were sensitive in vitro to gentamicin and ceftriaxone while sensitivity to ciprofloxacin was 73%, ampicillin 29.7%, chloromphenicol 27%, tetracycline 27% and co-trimoxazole 13.5%. Multidrug resistance (Ampicillin, Chloramphenicol, Cotrimoxazale and Tetracycline) was observed in 62% isolates. All Sparatyphi A isolates were sensitive to all the antibiotics. Clinical response to the antibiotic therapy was as follows: Group I--Ampicillin + Gentamicin: 15 cases, clinical response (CR), 9.1% (S typhi) and 75% (S paratyphi A), mean day of defervescence 5.33 days. Group II--Ciprofloxacin: 29 cases, clinical response 47.6% (S typhi) and 75% (S paratyphi A), mean day of defervescence--5.22 days. Group--III Ceftriaxone: 30 cases, clinical response 100% in all, mean day of defervescence--4.93 days. Thus we observed highly significant discrepancy in antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates and clinical response. Most importantly we observed significantly delayed clinical response to the ceftriaxone. This may be indicative of evolving resistance to ceftriaxone.

Fluoroquinolone susceptibilities to methicillin-resistant and susceptible coagulase-negative Staphylococcus isolated from eye infection

PURPOSE: To evaluate the fluoroquinolone susceptibilities of ocular isolate coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), identified at the Microbiology Laboratory - UNIFESP. DESIGN: Experimental laboratory investigation. METHODS: The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 21 strains of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) and 22 methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci (MSCoNS) to ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin were determined, using the E-test method standardized by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI/NCCLS). RESULTS: The MIC90s (µg/ml) for the second generation of tested fluoroquinolones were higher than the fourth generation, especially for the methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci group. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that methicillin-sensitive coagulase-negative staphylococci are more susceptible to quinolones than are methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and that fourth generation fluoroquinolones appear to be more potent, affecting even coagulase-negative staphylococcal strains resistant to second generation fluoroquinolones.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a suscetibilidade a fluorquinolonas dos Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo (SCoN) identificados no Laboratório de Microbiologia Ocular da Unifesp. MÉTODOS: Foi determinada a concentração inibitória mínima de 21 cepas de SCoN meticilina-resistentes e 22 meticilina-sensíveis para ciprofloxacina, ofloxacina, gatifloxacina e moxifloxacina, utilizando o E-test estandartizado pelo CLSI/NCCLS. RESULTADOS: Os MIC90 (µg/ml) de 43 SCoN isolados para fluorquinolonas de segunda geração foram maiores do que os de quarta geração, principalmente para o grupo dos meticilina-resistentes. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados indicam que Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo meticilina-sensíveis são mais suscetíveis às quinolonas do que os Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo meticilina-resistentes, fluorquinolonas de quarta geração parecem ser mais potentes, cobrindo inclusive cepas de Staphylococcus coagulase-negativo resistentes à segunda geração de fluorquinolonas.

In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility in clinical isolates of Enterococcus species

OBJECTIVE: To describe the antimicrobial activity of several antimicrobial agents against 97 clinical significant isolates of Enterococcus spp. MATHERIAL AND METHODS: During a 2-year prospective study at Instituto Nacional de Pediatria (National Institute of Pediatrics) in Mexico City. Ninety seven strains of Enterococcus spp. (60 E. faecalis and 37 E. faecium) were tested against 11 antibiotics. Susceptibility tests were performed with agar, according to the standards of the sNational Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). Isolates were screened for high-level resistance (HLR) to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, glycopeptides and other antibiotics, as well as for vancomycin-phenotypes. Differences between proportions were evaluated with chi2 of Fisher exact fest. RESULTS: Overall resistance rates to the antibiotics tested were: 17/97 (17.5 percent) to penicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate and imipenem. There was neither HLR nor beta-lactamase production; 74/97 (48.4 percent) were resistant to erythromycin; 60 percent to ciprofloxacin; 31/97 (32 percent) to gentamicin, and 55/97 (56.7 percent) to streptomycin. Seven strains were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), all of them identified as E. faecium; 5/7 with Van A and 2/7 with Van B phenotypes. All the isolates were susceptible to linezolid. The difference in susceptibility among species was significant. CONCLUSIONS: Mutidrug-resistant enterococci is a real problem and continuous surveillance is necessary. The microbiology laboratory is the first line of defense against the spread of multiantibiotic-resistan enterococci in the hospital environment . All the strains recovered should be tested for susceptibility to ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and glycopeptides

Evolución de la sensibilidad in vitro al cefepime entre 1996 y 1997 / Evolution of the sensibility in vitro cefepime in 1996 and 1997

El cefepime es una cefalosporina de cuarta generación, eficaz frente a cocos Gram positivos y un gran número de bacilos Gram negativos. El propósito de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad in vitro a cefepime en cultivos obtenidos en el Hospital Universitario Dr. Manuel Nuñez Tovar, entre 1996 y 1997. En general, se observó que la sensibilidad microbiana a cefepime fue elevada. De los microorganismos identificados, sólo el estafilococo coagulasa negativo mostró incremento en la resistencia al fármaco durante el período de estudio

Enumeraçäo de Escherichia coli e Enterococcus em amostras de hamburguer de frango, comercializadas em Niterói - RJ. Avaliaçäo da sensibilidade à antimicrobianos das cepas isoladas / Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in samples of poultry's hamburger traded at Niterói county of Rio de Janeiro State

O progresso da avicultura brasileira vem proporcionando uma maior oferta de matéria-prima para o desenvolvimento de produtos derivados de carne de aves. Em vista disso, observamos uma crescente necessidade de se estudar avaliaçöes específicas que forneçam dados suficientes para um balizamento de medidas de controle microbiológico de qualidade efetivo para esses produtos. Com a finalidade de avaliar as condiçöes higiênico-sanitárias de 30 (trinta) amostras de hambúrguer de frango comercializadas no município de Niterói-RJ, procedeu-se à enumeraçäo (Número Mais Provável - NMP) de coliformes fecais e Enterococcus. As culturas isoladas foram submetidas a testes de sensibilidade a diferentes antimicrobianos. O NMP de coliformes fecais variou de 4 à 460/g. As culturas isoladas em 100 por cento das amostras, apresentaram características fenotípicas que sugerem a identificaçäo de Escherichia coli. Quanto aos Enterococcus, o NMP variou de 93 a > 1100/g sendo que o perfil bioquímico detectado nas culturas isoladas sugere identificaçäo de Enterococcus faecalis (77 por cento das amostras), Enterococcus faecium (6,7 por cento) e Enterococcus avium (16,7 por cento). Quanto à avaliaçäo da resistência dos microrganismos isolados a 24 antimicrobianos, observou-se padröes variáveis de comportamento frente aos mesmos. A totalidade das culturas de Escherichia coli demonstrou 100 por cento de resistência à certos antimicrobianos e um comportamento variável frente aos outros. Entre as culturas de Enterococcus isoladas, também houve 100 por cento de resistência a alguns antimicrobianos e um comportamento variável frente às demais drogas testadas. Ao analisar os resultados obtidos, conclui-se que as amostras apresentavam-se em condiçöes higiênco-sanitárias insatisfatórias, demonstrando, frente a resistência comprovada a diferentes antimicrobianos, um risco significativo à saúde do consumidor, pela disseminaçäo de cepas resistentes aos tratamentos de antibioticoterapia.

Avaliaçäo da sensibilidade de microrganismos selecionados a diferentes concentraçöes de nisina em salsichas comum e de frango / Evaluation of sensibility sausages and poultry sausages

Salsichas de frango e comuns foram tratadas por imersäo em soluçöes contendo diferentes concentraçöes de nisina (0, 25, 50 e 100 UI mL-1) e, à seguir, inoculadas por imersäo em suspensäo de células do microrganismo a ser testado (Brochothrix thermosphacta, Weissella viridescens, Leuconostoc mesenteroides e Listeria monocytogenes), embaladas à vácuo e incubadas a 5§C por 12 dias. Determina a menor concentraçäo de nisina capaz de conter eficazmente o desenvolvimento dos microrganismos selecionados nos dois tipos de salsichas. B. thermosphacta e W. viridescens foram os microrganismos que apresentam a maior sensibilidade, sendo a menor concentraçäo de nisina testada (25 UI mL-1) suficiente para inibir totalmente o desenvolvimento deste último. L. mesenteroides e L. monocytogenes foram controlados somente com a maior concentraçäo de nisina testada (100 UI mL-1). Concentraçöes de 100 UI mL-1 de nisina foram suficientes para conter o desenvolvimento de L. mesenteroides mesmo em salsichas cujas contagens atingiram 1 x 10.000.000 UFC g-1 após o período de incubaçäo quando näo tratadas com nisina. Entretanto, a possível presença de patógenos, como a Listeria monocytogenes, nos faz sugerir a utilizaçäo de nisina em concentraçöes pouco superiores a 100 UL mL-1 para que se obtenha uma margem de segurança. Näo foi detectada diferença significativa (P>0,05) na atividade da nisina para os diferentes tipos de salsicha com nenhum dos microrganismos testados.

Prevalencia de portación de staphylococcus aureus y S. aureus meticilino resistente en estudiantes de medicina y población general / Prevalence of staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus carriage in medical students and in general population

Diversos estudios han documentado que la portación de S. aureus es más frecuente en el personal de salud que en la población general (44 por ciento versus 26 por ciento) pero se dispone de escasa información acerca de los estudiantes de la salud quienes también mantienen contacto con los pacientes. Nuestro propósito fue determinar la prevalencia de S. aureus y S. aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) en estudiantes de medicina versus población general y establecer el patrón de sensibilidad in vitro de los SAMR. Metodología: mediante un estudio caso/control se estudiaron 152 estudiantes de medicina de 3º año e internos residentes de 6º-7º año (casos), y 152 controles pareados por edad, sexo y ocupación. A cada uno se le tomó muestra de mucosa nasal, identificándose S. aureus de acuerdo a técnicas habituales. A las cepas de SAMR se les realizó estudio de sensibilidad in vitro mediante técnica de difusión en agar (según NCCLS) a 15 antimicrobianos. Resultados: la prevalencia de portación de S. aureus en estudiantes de medicina fue de un 36,8 por ciento y en controles 48,6 por ciento (p=0,03). La portación de S. aureus resultó similar en estudiantes de 3º año e internos (35 por ciento y 38,6 por ciento respectivamente) p=0,006. La portación de SAMR en estudiantes de medicina fue de un 5,2 por ciento, cifra similar se observó en los controles (5,9 por ciento). De las 17 cepas de SAMR obtenidas, todas (100 por ciento) fueron sensibles a vancomicina, rifampicina, teicoplanina y cotrimoxazol y resistentes a ampicilina. Se observó un 11,7 por ciento de resistencia a cefradina, ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, amikacina, clindamicina y cefotaxima, 41 por ciento a azintromicina, 35 por ciento a eritromicina y 5,8 por ciento fue resistente a tetraciclina y ampicilina/sulbactam. Conclusiones: la portación de S. aureus fue inferior en el grupo de estudiantes de medicina estudiados que en la población general indicando que sus actividades de entrenamiento clínico no constituye un factor de riesgo para colonizarse por este agente. La frecuencia de portación de SAMR observada en estos adultos jóvenes fue inferior a lo comunicado en la literatura para la población general

Prevalência de Aeromonas spp. em fezes diarréicas de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, no biênio 1995-1996 / The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in the diarrheal feces of children under the age of 5 years in the city of Goiânia, Goiás in the 1995-1996 biennium

Foram analisadas 163 amostras de fezes de crianças com idade abaixo de 5 anos no período de 1995 a 1996, sendo 91 de fezes diarréicas e 72 de fezes não diarréicas. O material foi coletado em meio para transporte e submetido ao processo de enriquecimento a 4oC por 7 dias. Para o isolamento primário foi utilizado ágar amido ampicilina e incubado a 35oC por 18 a 24 horas. Foram isoladas 20 (21,9%) das seguintes espécies: Aeromonas A. caviae (7,7%), A. salmonicida salmonicida (6,6%), A. sobria (4,3%), A. hydrophila (2,2%) e Salmonicida achromogenes (1,1%). Nenhuma Aeromonas spp foi isolada dos 72 pacientes-controles. A susceptibilidade das amostras de Aeromonas spp aos antimicrobianos foi maior com a ciprofloxacina, diminuindo gradativamente com cloranfenicol, gentamicina, ampicilina e eritromicina.

From 1995 through 1996, 163 fecal specimens of children aged under 5 years were analysed, 91 being from diarrhea feces and 72 without diarrhea. The material was collected in transport medium and submitted to the enrichment procedure at 4 degrees C for 7 days. For the primary isolation starch ampicillin agar was used and incubated at 35 degrees C for 18 to 24 hours. Twenty (20.9%) from the following specimens were isolated: Aeromonas (A.) caviae (7.7%), A. salmonicida salmonicida (6.6%), A. sobria (4.3%), A. hydrophila (2.2%) and Salmonicida achromogenes (1.1%). No Aeromonas spp. was isolated from the 72 control subjects. The Aeromonas spp. susceptibility to antimicrobial was greater with ciprofloxacin, being this susceptibility gradually diminished with chloranphenicol, gentamicin, ampicillin and erythromycin.

Pruebas de susceptibilidad "IN VITRO" de helicobacter phylori a diferentes agentes antimicrobianos / Susceptibility testing \"IN VITRO\" of helicobacter phylori to diferents antimicrobians

Helicobacter phylori es reconocido como un importante agente patógeno humano, con amplia distribución produce úlcera péptica y posiblemente cáncer gástrico. En la actualidad no contamos con un tratamiento 100 por ciento efectivo, debido a diversos factores. El objetivo es investigar la susceptibilidad "in vitro" de esta bacteria, en nuestro país, a diferentes agentes antimicrobianos frecuentemente utilizados en el tratamiento contra esta patología. Se procesaron 80 muestras de mucosa gástrica antral, de las cuales 47 (59) fueron Helicobacter Phylori positivas y solo 15 de ellas se les pudo realizar pruebas de susceptibilidad; aplicando los métodos de difusión, por disco y CMI por E-Testr. Encontrando 10 (67) cepas resistentes y 5 (33) sensibles a metronidazol, por ambos métodos, mientras que para claritromicina y tetraciclina solo hubo 1 (7) misma cepa resistente; no encontrando aislamientos resistentes a amoxacilina; por lo que no podemos recomendar el uso de metronidazol contra este germen

Salmonella enteritidis: un patógeno emergente en Chile / Salmonella enteritidis: an emergent pathogen in Chile

Materials and methods: Cases of clinical infections by Salmonella enteritidis were recorder from bacteriological and demographic notifications obtained at The National Reference Laboratory for Enterobacteria. Infection rates were calculated using the total Chilean population and the population of the different Health Services along the country. Results: Until 1993, 13,57 Salmonella enteritidis strains per year were received at the Reference Laboratory. The figures increased to 478 and 432 in 1994 and 1995, respectively. National rates were 3,41 and 3.04 notifications/100.000 inhabitans in 1994 and 1995 respectively. Northern regions were the most affected and 90 percent of observed cases during 1994 came from Arica and Antofagasta. At the present time, 20 percent of cases are observed in Santiago, located in the mid-portion of the country. The outbreak has mainly affected children and young adults (yo percent of cases). Strains have been isolated from stool cultures, suggestig gastrointestinal infections as the main clinical presentation. More than 98 percent of strains are susceptible to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracycline, sulfa-trimetroprim, cefotaxime or ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: The obtained data clearly indicate the existence of an epidemic outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis infections, with a geographic progression from North to South